Feb 23, 2018 specific gravityg is ratio of density of soil solid. Both density and specific gravity describe mass and may be used to compare different substances. Particle density depends on the densities of the various constituent. Specific gravity of soil by pycnometer methodprocedure and calculations. It is utilized in calculating voids ratio, porosity, and degree of saturation if the density or unit weight and water content are known. M mass of ovendried soil, g a mass of airdried soil, g p percent of hygroscopic moisture. Organic matter and porous particles may have specific gravity. Laboratory experiments experiment no 2 density and specific. Experiment to determine waterholding capacity of given soil sample.
Soils containing organic matter and porous particles may have specific gravity values below 2. Specific surface area of soil particles effective area specific surface area particle diameter cm mass g cm2 cm2 g1 gravel 2 x 101 1. To calculate specific gravity for any material, we have to use water. Coal combustion residuals may have higher specific gravities. The specific gravity of the solid substance of most inorganic soils varies between 2. Pdf this research was carried out to develop a new testing method that capable to accelerate the. Definition specific gravity g is defined as the ratio of the weight of an equal volume of distilled water at that temperature both weights taken in air. The present technical note suggests the use of some of the. Dry the soil sample in an oven at 2309 f 1105 c for at least 12 hours or until the sample achieves a constant weight, whichever occurs.
Laboratory experiments experiment no 2 density and. Ii introduction a particle density soil particle density g cm3 is mass of soil solids ovendry per unit volume of soil solids. The pycnometer is used for determination of specific gravity of. When the soil contains particles larger than the 4. Geotechnical engineering lab vi semester page 6 gcem list of experiments sl. Experiment to find out the moisture content of the soil. But water reacts with cement and forms calcium oxide. May 14, 20 objective for determination of specific gravity of soil solids by pycnometer method.
A soils specific gravity largely depends on the density of the minerals making up the individual soil particles. Laboratory 2 soil density i objectives measure particle density, bulk density, and moisture content of a soil and to relate to total pore space. A simplified approach of determining the specific gravity. Experiment to demonstrate different horizons of local soil profile. In almost all soil tests natural moisture content of the soil is to be determined. This test method covers the determination of the specific gravity of soil solids that pass 4. Experiment 3 abstract specific gravity is used to determine.
Presently, specific gravity of soil solids is determined in the laboratory by the sensitive pycnometerdensity bottle method, which is characterized by many. Feb 06, 2014 specific gravity of soil using pycnometer duration. This test is done to determine the specific gravity of finegrained soil by density bottle method as per is. This is a glass jar of 1 litre capacity that is fitted at its top by a conical cap made of brass. The major measuring equipment in this test is pycnometer. Experiment to find out the specific gravity of the soil. If the soils consist of porous and organic materials, a specific gravity value of less than 2 will be obtained.
For most of the soils, specific gravity lies in the range of 2. The specific gravity of soil generally ranges from 2. Objective for determination of specific gravity of soil solids by pycnometer method. I find that the key to understanding the importance is understanding the specific fundamentals of what we are discussing. Laboratory 2 soil density i objectives ii introduction. What is the importance of specific gravity of soil. Experiment 4 specific gravity determination purpose. Specific gravity of soil by pycnometer methodprocedure.
In this experiment, we will investigate the specific gravity of liquids via construction of a hydrometer. Specific gravity of solids by density bottle method. Specific gravity of cement detailed explanation civilology. Determine the mass of the dry soil in the evaporating dish ws. Density specific gravity an overview sciencedirect. Laboratory soil tests university of technology, iraq. W m g, 3 where g is the acceleration due to the earths gravity, equal to about 9. After conducting the standard test method for the specific gravity of soil solids by water pycnometer astm d85414, the calculated gs value of the soil sample was 2. The value of specific gravity helps us to some extent in identification and classification of soil.
Soils with organic content or porous particles may have lower specific gravities. It is some times required to compare the density of the soil solids to the density of water. No name of experiment 1 determination of moisture content. Specific gravity g of soil can be described as ratio of weight of given volume of soil at a given temperature to the weight of equal volume of distilled water at that temperature, or in other words, ratio of unit weight of soil to that of water. When reporting results of specific gravity, it is specific gravity 60 60f. Simpson, research forest products technologist forest products laboratory, madison, wisconsin introduction knowledge about the density of wood is useful for estimating shipping weights. Specific gravity is generally reported on the value of the density of water at 20c. To cite a few, natural moisture content is used in determining the bearing. Specific gravity is the ratio of the mass of unit volume of soil at a stated temperature to the mass of the same volume of gasfree distilled water at a stated temperature.
Density specific gravity an overview sciencedirect topics. What to expect please see the video for a detailed depiction of the experiment. Pdf determination of soil specific gravity by using. Then we filled it to 500 ml with distilled water and weighed it again. However, as a general guide, some typical values for specific soil types are as follows. For solids, specific gravity is an important parameter. Specific gravity, moisture content, and density relationship. The soil sample to be tested for specific gravity must be. A soil s specific gravity largely depends on the density of the minerals making up the individual soil particles. Specific gravity is defined by astm d4439 from volume 04. Need and scope of the experiment the knowledge of specific gravity is needed in calculation of soil properties like void ratio, degree of saturation etc. Specific gravity is the ratio of the mass of unit volume of soil at a.
The aim of this experiment the objective of this exp. In this lab we first weighed an empty ml graduated cylinder. Determination of specific gravity of cement at the site level can be easily done using this is an experiment. Specific gravity is an expression of density in relation to the density of a standard or reference usually water. The average value of specific gravity of the tested soil sample equals to 2. Specific gravity of soil by pycnometer methodprocedure and. Specific gravity of soil test by pycnometer method. The specific gravity of soil is defined as the unit weight of the soil mass divided by the unit weight of distilled water at 4c. No title of the experiment page from to 1 determination of specific gravity of soil solids by pycnometer method 7 10 2 determination of specific gravity of soil solids by density bottle 11. The knowledge of the natural moisture content is essential in all studies of soil mechanics. Experiment to determine the presence of carbonates in the given soil samples. Pdf a simplified approach of determining the specific gravity of.
Department of civil engineering geotechnical engineering lab. The knowledge of specific gravity is needed in calculation of soil properties like void ratio, degree of saturation etc. The specific gravity of silt science foundation concrete and earthquake engineering what are 4 specific gravity of soil table specific gravity and grain size analysis results of the specific gravity of soil geotechnical engineering. Soil physics soil texture soil surface area soil structure. Determination of specific gravity of fine aggregates using. The specific gravity of soil particles will come within the range of 2. A specific gravity value greater than 3 will be shown by soils that have heavy substances. It is clear from table 1 in the theory part that the test was done on a sand sample of soil due to the range of the values of specific gravity. Standard test methods for specific gravity of soil solids. For more accurate result it is recommended to conduct tests 3 times on the same soil sample. The specific gravity of soil particles lay within the range of 2. Standard test methods for specific gravity of soil solids by. The experiment conducted was carried out to determine the specific gravity of soil samples using density bottle method. Foundation concrete and earthquake engineering what are 4 specific gravity of soil table specific gravity and grain size analysis results of the specific gravity of soil geotechnical engineering.
Specific gravity is the ratio of the weight in air of a given volume. Aim to determine the specific gravity of soil solids using pycnometer. This method of determining the specific gravity of soil is given here is applicable for soils composed of particles smaller than 4. A soils specific gravity largely depends on the density of the minerals making. There is some good discussion on this question, but all of the answers have lacked a fundamental physical precision. The specific gravity of soil is an important weightvolume property that is helpful in classifying soils and in finding other weightvolume properties like void ratio, porosity, and unit weight. This comparison is in the form of ratio and is termed as the specific gravity of the soil. The specific gravity of whole mix is the average specific gravity of all solid particles present in that mix. Pdf determination of soil specific gravity by using partially.
Determination of specific gravity of soil solids by. Presently, specific gravity of soil solids is determined in the laboratory by the sensitive pycnometerdensity bottle method, which is characterized by many complexities and difficulties. The specific gravity of a soil, gs, is defined as the ratio of its density to the density of water. Unless or otherwise specified specific gravity values reported shall be based on water at 27 0 c. Specific gravity of soil test civil engineering community. Specific gravity, moisture content, and density relationship for wood william t. Many computations in the field of geotechnical engineering require the use of specific gravity of soil solids. A hydrometer is an instrument used to measure the specific gravity or relative density of liquids. If we consider a soil mix, different particle in that mix has different specific gravity value. It gives the idea about the suitability of a given soil as a construction material. Take an average of 3 values these values should not vary by more than 2 to 3% a sample calculation for specific gravity of soil is shown in the table given below detail of soil. Basically, specific gravity defines that the substance is how much heavier than water or reference substance of the same volume.
Most indiana soils have specific gravities ranging between 2. One can easily determine the value of specific gravity of cement using le chatelier flask method. In effect, it tells how much heavier or lighter the material is than water. Specific gravity of soil using pycnometer duration. A hydrometer is an instrument that measures the specific gravity of a liquid. The density of wood depends on specific gravity and moisture content. This lab is performed to determine the specific gravity of soil by using a pycnometer. The specific gravity of the soil particles lie with in the range of 2.
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